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Cramer's Rule Calculator

使用 MiniWebtool 的克拉默法則計算工具,以行列式求解二元或三元線性方程組。係數與常數會產生替換欄的計算步驟及行列式比值,適用於有唯一解的情況。

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克拉瑪法則:用常數項替換對應行,再求 x = Dₓ / D

輸入 2x2 或 3x3 方程組的係數和常數項,即可得到 D、各行被替換後的行列式以及解,並顯示步驟。

Examples:
xy
[
a₁₁
a₁₂
a₂₁
a₂₂
] = [
b₁
b₂
]

Embed Cramer's Rule Calculator Widget

Cramer's Rule Calculator

克拉瑪法則計算機(Cramer's Rule Calculator)使用行列式求解 2 元或 3 元線性方程組。輸入係數矩陣與常數向量,即可獲得完整解答,包含逐步行列式計算、以動畫呈現欄位替換的矩陣視覺化,以及 2×2 方程組的幾何解釋圖。克拉瑪法則是線性代數中的基礎技巧,將每個變數表示為兩個行列式的比值。

功能概覽

Cramer's Rule Calculator 會以行列式求解由 2 或 3 個線性方程式組成的方程組。輸入係數與常數後,即可得到 D、Dx、Dy(與 Dz)、解的類型,以及逐步計算過程。

Cramer's Rule Calculator:功能一覽
功能提供內容適用情境
方程組大小求解 2x2 與 3x3 的線性方程組,每一列代表一個方程式,每一欄代表一個變數。代數課程中的小型方程組
行列式步驟顯示由係數矩陣算出的 D,以及以常數取代某一欄所形成的各個 Di,再計算 x = Dx / D 等結果。逐行跟著方法做
解的類型D 不等於 0 時有唯一解。D = 0 時,依 Di 的值而定,可能無解或有無限多解。分辨矛盾的方程組與相依的方程組
取代欄位檢視動畫矩陣視覺化顯示哪一欄會被常數取代。看懂每個行列式是如何組成的
幾何圖形圖形顯示 2x2 方程組的兩條直線,以及它們相交的位置。把代數與圖形連結起來
範例按鈕預設範例包括相依的 2x2 方程組、3x3 方程組,以及含有混合正負號的 3x3 方程組。用已知的案例測試工具

What Is Cramer's Rule?

克拉瑪法則是線性代數中的一項定理,只要方程組的方程式數量與未知數數量相同且有唯一解,就能提供求解該線性方程組的明確公式。此法則以瑞士數學家加百列・克拉瑪(Gabriel Cramer,1704–1752)命名,利用行列式將每個變數表示為比值:

$$x_i = \frac{D_i}{D}$$

其中 \(D\) 是係數矩陣的行列式,\(D_i\) 是將係數矩陣的第 \(i\) 欄替換為常數向量後所形成的行列式。

Key Concepts

📐
Determinant
A scalar value computed from a square matrix that indicates whether the system has a unique solution.
🔄
Column Replacement
Replace one column of the coefficient matrix with the constants vector to form each D_i.
📊
Unique Solution
Exists when D ≠ 0. Each variable equals D_i / D.
⚠
Singular Case
When D = 0, the system has either no solution or infinitely many.

Cramer's Rule Formulas

For a 2×2 System

Given the system:

$$a_1x + b_1y = c_1$$ $$a_2x + b_2y = c_2$$

Cramer's Rule Calculator: For a 2×2 System
DeterminantFormulaDescription
\(D\)\(\begin{vmatrix} a_1 & b_1 \\ a_2 & b_2 \end{vmatrix} = a_1 b_2 - b_1 a_2\)Coefficient matrix determinant
\(D_x\)\(\begin{vmatrix} c_1 & b_1 \\ c_2 & b_2 \end{vmatrix} = c_1 b_2 - b_1 c_2\)Replace x-column with constants
\(D_y\)\(\begin{vmatrix} a_1 & c_1 \\ a_2 & c_2 \end{vmatrix} = a_1 c_2 - c_1 a_2\)Replace y-column with constants

Solution: \(x = D_x / D\), \(y = D_y / D\)

For a 3×3 System

3×3 矩陣的行列式是透過沿第一列進行餘因子展開來計算的。每個 \(D_i\) 是透過將對應欄替換為常數向量而形成,解為 \(x_i = D_i / D\)。

When Does Cramer's Rule Work?

Cramer's Rule Calculator: When Does Cramer's Rule Work?
ConditionD ValueResult
Unique solutionD ≠ 0Each variable = D_i / D
No solution (inconsistent)D = 0, some D_i ≠ 0Lines/planes are parallel
Infinitely many solutionsD = 0, all D_i = 0Equations are dependent

Cramer's Rule vs. Other Methods

Cramer's Rule Calculator: Cramer's Rule vs. Other Methods
MethodBest ForLimitation
Cramer's RuleSmall systems (2×2, 3×3), exact symbolic solutionsSlow for large systems (n! complexity)
Gaussian EliminationGeneral systems, large matricesNo closed-form formula
Matrix InverseMultiple right-hand sidesRequires D ≠ 0, expensive to compute
LU DecompositionRepeated solving, numerical stabilityMore complex to implement

How to Use the Cramer's Rule Calculator

  1. 選擇方程組大小:依您的方程式與未知數數量,選擇 2×2 或 3×3。
  2. 輸入係數:填入左側的係數矩陣。每一列對應一個方程式,每一欄對應一個變數(x、y、z)。
  3. 輸入常數:填入右側的常數向量(即每個方程式的右邊)。
  4. 點擊求解:計算機會計算所有行列式(D、D_x、D_y,以及可能的 D_z),判斷解的類型,並以動畫矩陣視覺化呈現逐步計算過程。

Real-World Applications

Cramer's Rule Calculator: Real-World Applications
FieldApplicationExample
EngineeringCircuit analysis (Kirchhoff's laws)Finding currents in a resistor network
EconomicsMarket equilibriumSupply and demand intersection
PhysicsForce balanceFinding reaction forces in statics
ChemistryBalancing equationsStoichiometric coefficients
Computer GraphicsCoordinate transformationsLine/plane intersection points

FAQ

What is Cramer's rule?
Cramer's rule is a method for solving a system of linear equations using determinants. For each variable, you replace its column in the coefficient matrix with the constants vector and divide the resulting determinant by the main determinant. It works when the coefficient matrix has a nonzero determinant.
When does Cramer's rule fail?
Cramer's rule fails when the determinant of the coefficient matrix is zero. This means the system either has no solution (inconsistent — the equations describe parallel lines or planes) or infinitely many solutions (dependent — the equations are redundant). In such cases, other methods like Gaussian elimination are needed.
What is the formula for Cramer's rule in a 2×2 system?
For the system a1*x + b1*y = c1, a2*x + b2*y = c2: x = Dx/D and y = Dy/D, where D = a1*b2 - b1*a2 is the determinant of the coefficient matrix, Dx replaces the x-column with the constants, and Dy replaces the y-column with the constants.
Can Cramer's rule solve systems larger than 3×3?
Cramer's rule can theoretically solve any n×n system, but it becomes computationally expensive for large systems because it requires computing n+1 determinants, each of size n×n. For systems larger than 3×3, methods like Gaussian elimination or LU decomposition are far more efficient in practice.
What does a zero determinant mean geometrically?
For a 2×2 system, a zero determinant means the two lines are parallel (no solution) or coincident (infinitely many solutions). For a 3×3 system, it means the three planes do not intersect at a single point — they may be parallel, intersect along a line, or all coincide in a plane.

引用此內容、頁面或工具為:

"Cramer's Rule Calculator" 於 https://MiniWebtool.com/zh-tw/克萊姆法則計算機/,來自 MiniWebtool,https://MiniWebtool.com/

by miniwebtool team. Updated: 2026-04-12

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