Physics Calculators

Calculate acceleration from velocity change and time, force and mass, centripetal motion, or free fall. Get step-by-step solutions, g-force comparisons, and velocity-time graphs.

Convert angular velocity between RPM, rad/s, deg/s, Hz, rev/s and rotation period, or work it out from linear speed and radius. Also gives tangential speed and centripetal acceleration at any radius, with a spinning-disk animation.

Calculate the belt length that connects two pulleys from their diameters and centre distance. Supports open and crossed drives and gives the exact and textbook lengths, wrap angle on each pulley, speed ratio and driven RPM.

Solve the Bernoulli equation along a streamline for pressure, flow velocity or elevation at either point. Includes a step-by-step breakdown, an animated streamline diagram and an energy grade line chart, for water, air, oil and more.

Calculate the boiling point of water at different altitudes, elevations, or atmospheric pressures using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Includes step-by-step solutions and interactive altitude chart.

Calculate buoyant force and see whether an object floats or sinks by Archimedes' principle. Enter the fluid, volume and mass to get buoyant force, apparent weight, density, the submerged fraction and reserve buoyancy on a tank diagram.

Solve F = mv2/r for centripetal force, mass, radius or speed. Switch between linear speed (m/s, km/h, mph) and angular inputs (rad/s, RPM, period), and read the g-force, period, angular velocity and the tire grip a turn needs.

Compute the electrostatic force between two point charges with Coulomb's law. Solve for force, either charge or distance, choose charge units and a dielectric medium, and read direction, electric field and potential energy.

Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of any particle from mass and velocity or from kinetic energy, using relativistic momentum. See where it lands beside real structures and whether the particle behaves as a wave or classically.

Calculate density from mass and volume, or solve for mass or volume given density. Supports multiple unit systems with step-by-step solutions and material comparisons.

Calculate the observed frequency, wavelength change and pitch shift when a source moves relative to an observer. Supports classical sound and relativistic light Doppler, several media, a live animation and an audio pitch preview.

Calculate the energy locked in any mass with E=mc2, or work backwards from energy. See joules, kilowatt-hours and tons of TNT translated into everyday comparisons, with efficiency presets for antimatter, fusion and fission.

Compute the electric field from one or many point charges with full vector superposition. Place up to six charges in the plane, pick a test point, and read the components, magnitude, direction, force on a probe charge and potential.

Calculate voltage, current, resistance, and power using Ohm's Law and Watt's Law. Enter any two known values and instantly solve for the other two with detailed step-by-step formulas.

Calculate static compression ratio from bore, stroke, chamber volume, head gasket, deck clearance and piston dome or dish. Shows displacement, a swept-versus-clearance breakdown and which fuel octane your ratio needs.

Calculate engine displacement from bore, stroke and cylinder count. Get the result in cc, litres and cubic inches, see displacement per cylinder, and read the bore/stroke ratio as oversquare, square or undersquare with a diagram.

Calculate the escape velocity of any planet, moon, star or custom body from its mass and radius. Pick Earth, the Moon, Mars, Jupiter, the Sun or a neutron star, and see km/s, mph and Mach on a ladder from a sprinter to light speed.

Calculate force, mass, or acceleration using Newton's second law F=ma. Enter any two values to solve for the third, with unit conversions and real-world force comparisons.

Calculate the velocity, distance, and time for objects in free fall under gravity. Supports multiple planets and provides step-by-step solutions with trajectory data.

Calculate static and kinetic friction force from the normal force or mass and the coefficient of friction. Add an applied push to see whether the object stays put or slides, its acceleration, and the angle of repose.

Calculate the gear ratio, output speed and output torque of a gear system from the teeth on the driving and driven gears. See an animated pair of gears turning at the real ratio, the simplified ratio and the mechanical advantage.

Calculate the gravitational force between two masses with Newton's law. Solve for either mass or the distance, choose units from grams to solar masses, and load scenarios like the Earth and Moon, with an inverse-square force curve.

Calculate how far your headlight beam reaches from its mounting height and downward aim angle. See the near edge, beam centre and maximum reach on a side-view diagram, plus a glare warning and a stopping-distance safety check.

Calculate the rate of heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. Enter material, area, thickness and temperatures to find the rate in watts, heat flux, thermal resistance and total energy, with a built-in property library.

Calculate engine horsepower from torque and RPM, or solve for any unknown. Supports Imperial (lb-ft, HP) and Metric (Nm, kW) units with step-by-step solutions and unit conversions.

Calculate the push and pull force a hydraulic cylinder produces from system pressure, bore diameter and rod diameter. See a cross-section, the piston and annulus areas, the extend/retract ratio, and results in N, kN, lbf and kgf.

Calculate pressure, volume, moles, or temperature using the ideal gas law equation PV=nRT. Supports multiple unit systems with step-by-step solutions and automatic unit conversions.

Calculate the forces, acceleration and friction on an object on an inclined plane. Enter mass, angle and friction coefficients for the weight components, normal force, static and kinetic friction, and a will-it-slide verdict.

Calculate the orbital period of a planet, moon, satellite or star with Kepler's Third Law. Enter the semi-major axis and central mass in AU, km, solar or Earth masses to get the period, mean orbital velocity and an orbit diagram.

Solve one-dimensional kinematics problems using the four kinematic equations. Enter any 3 known variables to find the 2 unknowns with detailed step-by-step solutions.

Calculate kinetic energy using KE = ½mv². Enter any two values to solve for the third. Supports multiple units with step-by-step solutions and real-world energy comparisons.

Solve the thin-lens equation to find focal length, object distance, image distance, magnification and image height. Tells you whether the image is real or virtual, upright or inverted, with a live ray diagram for both lens types.

Compute the magnetic field around a conductor with the Biot-Savart and Ampere laws for three geometries: an infinite straight wire, a circular loop on axis, and a finite or ideal solenoid with an optional ferromagnetic core.

Calculate the mechanical advantage of a lever, pulley system, inclined plane or gear train. Get the ideal and efficiency-adjusted figures, the effort force needed to move a load, the distance trade-off and an animated diagram.

Compute the moment of inertia for 15 common shapes - both the area moment used in beam bending and the mass moment used in rotational dynamics. Switch units freely, add a parallel-axis offset, and read centroid and section modulus.

Calculate linear momentum (p=mv), analyze elastic and inelastic collisions with conservation of momentum, and compute impulse. Step-by-step solutions with collision animation.

Calculate the period of a simple pendulum from its length and gravity. Solve for period, length, frequency or gravity, pick a planet's gravity in one click, and compare the small-angle approximation with the exact elliptic formula.

Calculate photon energy from a wavelength or frequency. Get the energy in joules and electronvolts, the matching frequency and wavelength, and the energy per mole, plus where the photon sits on the electromagnetic spectrum.

Calculate gravitational potential energy (PE = mgh) or elastic potential energy (PE = ½kx²). Supports multiple planets, unit conversions, and detailed step-by-step solutions.

Calculate pressure from force and area using P=F/A. Supports multiple unit systems (Pa, kPa, bar, atm, psi, mmHg) with step-by-step solutions, unit conversions, and real-world pressure comparisons.

Calculate projectile range, maximum height, time of flight, and full trajectory from launch angle and initial velocity. Supports custom gravity, initial height, and animated trajectory visualization.

Calculate the mechanical advantage, effort force and rope pull distance of a pulley system from the number of supporting rope segments. Includes an animated block-and-tackle diagram and a real-world friction model.

Calculate the Reynolds number from fluid velocity, characteristic length, density and viscosity to see whether a flow is laminar, transitional or turbulent. Choose pipe, flat-plate or open-channel flow with the right critical thresholds.

Apply Snell's Law to find the angle of refraction, the refractive index, the critical angle for total internal reflection and Brewster's angle. Pick from a material library or enter custom indices and watch the rays animate.

Calculate the heat energy needed to change a substance's temperature with Q = m x c x dT. Solve for heat, mass, specific heat capacity or final temperature, using a built-in library of substances and an animated thermometer.

Calculate the speed of sound in air from temperature with an optional humidity correction, or look it up in water, steel, helium and dozens of other media. Get m/s, km/h, mph, ft/s and knots plus Mach 1 and lightning-to-thunder distance.

Calculate the spring constant, restoring force, displacement or stored elastic energy with Hooke's law. Supports SI, metric and imperial units, springs in series or parallel, and gives the oscillation period and natural frequency.

Calculate a vehicle's total stopping distance from its speed, splitting reaction distance from braking distance, and see how dry, wet, snowy or icy roads change it. Includes a braking animation and driver-reaction presets.

Calculate the terminal velocity of a falling object from its mass, drag coefficient and cross-sectional area. Pick a skydiver, raindrop, bowling ball or feather, choose air, water or honey, and see how far it must fall to reach it.

Calculate the change in length, area or volume caused by a temperature change. Pick a material or enter your own expansion coefficient, set the start and end temperature, and see the expansion, final size, strain and a diagram.

Calculate relativistic time dilation, the Lorentz factor and length contraction at any velocity. Enter a speed as a fraction of light, km/s or mph to see how much slower a moving clock ticks and how far apart two travellers would age.

Calculate torque from force and lever arm distance using τ = F × r × sin(θ). Solve for any unknown variable with detailed step-by-step solutions, unit conversions, and real-world torque comparisons.

Calculate velocity from distance and time. Supports average velocity, relative velocity, angular to linear conversion, and instant unit conversions between m/s, km/h, mph, ft/s, and knots.

Use the wave equation to solve for wave speed, frequency or wavelength. Enter any two values with flexible units to get the third plus period, angular frequency and wavenumber, with a live traveling wave and spectrum band detection.

Calculate work done by a force (W = Fd cosθ) and mechanical power (P = W/t). Supports multiple units, angle input, and provides step-by-step solutions with energy comparisons.