Acceleration Calculator - Calculate acceleration from velocity change and time, force and mass, centripetal motion, or free fall. Get step-by-step solutions, g-force comparisons, and velocity-time graphs. New

Angular Velocity Calculator - Convert any angular velocity between RPM, rad/s, deg/s, Hz, revolutions per second, and rotation period in one form. Compute angular velocity from linear speed and radius (ω = v / r), or compute the tangential speed and centripetal acceleration at any radius. Includes a live spinning-disk animation, a full conversion table, and a comparison panel showing how your value stacks up against real-world rotations (Earth, vinyl record, hard drive, jet engine, dental drill). New

Belt Length Calculator - Calculate the belt length needed to connect two pulleys from their diameters and the center-to-center distance. Supports open and crossed belt drives, gives both the exact and the standard textbook (approximate) belt length, the angle of wrap on each pulley, the speed ratio, and an optional belt speed and driven-pulley RPM. Includes a to-scale diagram of your drive, a step-by-step formula breakdown, and metric or imperial units. New

Bernoulli Equation Calculator - Solve the fluid-dynamics Bernoulli equation along a streamline to find any unknown term — pressure, flow velocity, or elevation at either point. Enter the values you know for two points on a streamline, choose what to solve for, and get the answer with a full step-by-step breakdown, an animated streamline diagram, and an energy-head (energy grade line) chart that visually proves energy conservation. Supports water, air, seawater, oil and custom fluids, with pressure in Pa, kPa, bar, psi or atm. New

Boiling Point Calculator - Calculate the boiling point of water at different altitudes, elevations, or atmospheric pressures using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Includes step-by-step solutions and interactive altitude chart. New

Buoyancy Calculator - Calculate the buoyant force on an object and instantly see whether it floats or sinks using Archimedes' principle. Enter the fluid, the object's volume and mass, and get the buoyant force, apparent (underwater) weight, object density, the exact submerged fraction, and reserve buoyancy — all shown on an animated float/sink tank diagram with a full step-by-step breakdown. Supports metric and imperial units and lets you switch gravity between Earth, the Moon, Mars and more.

Centripetal Force Calculator - Compute the centripetal force, mass, radius, or speed for any object moving on a circular path. Solve F = mv²/r in any direction, switch between linear speed (m/s, km/h, mph) and angular inputs (rad/s, RPM, period, frequency), see the live rotation animation, the g-force in multiples of gravity, the period and angular velocity, and (for vehicle turns) the minimum tire-friction coefficient needed to stay on the road. New

Coulomb's Law Calculator - Compute the electrostatic force between two point charges with Coulomb's law, F = k·q₁·q₂/(εᵣ·r²). Switch any of F, q₁, q₂, or r to the unknown, choose charge units (C, mC, µC, nC, pC, e), pick a dielectric medium (vacuum, air, water, glass, …), and read the force magnitude, attract/repel direction, electric field, potential energy, and the dramatic F_electric ⁄ F_gravity ratio — plus a live SVG that animates the field lines and force arrows. New

de Broglie Wavelength Calculator - Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of any particle from its mass and velocity, or from its kinetic energy. Uses the fully relativistic momentum p = gamma * m * v, so results stay accurate from a slow baseball to a proton moving near the speed of light. See where the wavelength lands on a logarithmic scale next to real structures (proton, atom, DNA, visible light, human hair), whether the particle behaves as a wave or classically, plus momentum, speed, kinetic energy and a step-by-step formula breakdown. Supports electrons, protons, neutrons, alpha particles, molecules and custom particles.

Density Calculator - Calculate density from mass and volume, or solve for mass or volume given density. Supports multiple unit systems with step-by-step solutions and material comparisons. New

Doppler Effect Calculator - Calculate the observed frequency, wavelength change, and pitch shift when a sound or light source moves relative to an observer. Supports classical sound Doppler, relativistic light Doppler, multiple wave media (air, water, helium, steel), live animation, and an audio preview of the pitch change. New

E=mc² Calculator - Calculate the energy released by mass using Einstein's famous equation E=mc2. Enter any amount of mass (or work backwards from energy) and instantly see the result in joules, kilowatt-hours, and tons of TNT — then translated into everyday comparisons like Hiroshima bombs, homes powered for a year, gasoline burned, and lightning bolts. Includes conversion-efficiency presets for antimatter, nuclear fusion, and fission, an animated energy ladder that ranks your result among real-world landmarks, and a full step-by-step breakdown.

Electric Field Calculator - Compute the electric field strength E (in V/m or N/C) produced by one or many point charges using E = k·q/r², with full vector superposition for multi-charge problems. Place up to six charges anywhere in the 2D plane, pick a test point, and read the field components Eₓ, Eᵧ, the magnitude |E|, the direction angle θ, the force on a probe charge, the electric potential V, and a step-by-step derivation — all with a live SVG that draws each contribution arrow and the resulting net field vector. New

Electricity Calculator - Calculate voltage, current, resistance, and power using Ohm's Law and Watt's Law. Enter any two known values and instantly solve for the other two with detailed step-by-step formulas.

Engine Compression Ratio Calculator - Calculate an engine's static compression ratio from cylinder bore, stroke, combustion chamber volume, head gasket, piston deck clearance, and piston dome or dish. See an animated piston diagram, per-cylinder and total displacement, a swept-vs-clearance volume breakdown, and a fuel-octane and forced-induction advisory that tells you what gasoline your compression ratio needs. Supports millimeters/cc and inches/cubic-inch units with a full step-by-step formula walkthrough. New

Engine Displacement Calculator - Calculate engine displacement from bore, stroke, and number of cylinders. Get the result in cc, liters, and cubic inches (CID), see the displacement per cylinder, and understand your engine's character with an automatic bore/stroke ratio analysis (oversquare, square, or undersquare) plus an animated, to-scale piston and cylinder diagram. Supports both metric (mm) and imperial (inch) input.

Escape Velocity Calculator - Calculate the escape velocity of any planet, moon, star, or custom celestial body from its mass and radius using v = sqrt(2GM/r). Pick from Earth, the Moon, Mars, Jupiter, the Sun, a neutron star and more, or build your own body in kg / Earth masses / solar masses. See the result in km/s, mph and Mach, watch an animated launch, compare it on a velocity ladder from a sprinter to the speed of light, and get a full step-by-step formula breakdown. Detects when the escape velocity reaches the speed of light and the body becomes a black hole.

Force Calculator - Calculate force, mass, or acceleration using Newton's second law F=ma. Enter any two values to solve for the third, with unit conversions and real-world force comparisons. New

Free Fall Calculator - Calculate the velocity, distance, and time for objects in free fall under gravity. Supports multiple planets and provides step-by-step solutions with trajectory data. New

Friction Calculator - Calculate static and kinetic friction force from the normal force (or mass) and the coefficient of friction (μ). Enter an optional applied push force and the calculator tells you whether the object stays put or starts sliding, its resulting acceleration, and the angle of repose — all with an animated free-body diagram, a material-preset library, and a step-by-step breakdown. Supports metric (N, kg) and imperial (lbf, lb) units.

Gear Ratio Calculator (Mechanical) - Calculate the gear ratio, output speed (RPM), and output torque of a mechanical gear system from the number of teeth on the driving and driven gears. See an animated pair of meshing gears spinning at the real calculated speed ratio, the simplified whole-number ratio, the mechanical advantage, and a full step-by-step breakdown. Works for speed-reduction, overdrive, and direct-drive setups with metric (N·m) or imperial (lb·ft) torque units. New

Gravitational Force Calculator - Calculate the gravitational force between two masses with Newton's law of universal gravitation, F = G·m1·m2/r squared. Rearrange the equation to solve for either mass or the distance between them, choose units from grams to solar masses and metres to light-years, and load ready-made scenarios such as an apple on Earth, the Earth and Moon, or the Sun and Earth. See an animated attraction diagram, an inverse-square force curve, each body's acceleration, and a plain-language "weight reality check" that turns the answer into something you can picture.

Headlight Beam Distance Calculator - Calculate how far your headlight beam reaches down the road from its mounting height and downward aim angle. See the near edge, beam centre, and maximum reach of the lit zone on an animated side-view diagram, plus a glare warning if the aim is too high and a stopping-distance safety check at your driving speed. Supports metric and imperial units with a full step-by-step breakdown. New

Heat Transfer Calculator - Calculate the rate of heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation. Enter material properties, surface area, thickness, and temperatures to find the heat transfer rate (in watts), heat flux, thermal resistance, and total energy over time. Includes a built-in library of thermal conductivities, convection coefficients, and emissivity values, an animated heat-flow diagram, and a full step-by-step formula breakdown. Supports Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. New

Horsepower Calculator - Calculate engine horsepower from torque and RPM, or solve for any unknown. Supports Imperial (lb-ft, HP) and Metric (Nm, kW) units with step-by-step solutions and unit conversions. New

Hydraulic Cylinder Force Calculator - Calculate the push (extend) and pull (retract) force a hydraulic cylinder produces from system pressure, bore diameter, and rod diameter. See an animated cylinder cross-section, the piston and annulus area breakdown, the extend/retract force ratio, results in N, kN, lbf, kgf and tonne-force, and a full step-by-step formula walkthrough. Supports bar, psi, MPa, kPa and metric or imperial sizes. New

Ideal Gas Law Calculator - Calculate pressure, volume, moles, or temperature using the ideal gas law equation PV=nRT. Supports multiple unit systems with step-by-step solutions and automatic unit conversions. New

Inclined Plane Calculator - Calculate the forces, acceleration, and friction on an object resting or sliding on an inclined plane. Enter the mass, incline angle, and friction coefficients to find the weight components (parallel and perpendicular), the normal force, the maximum static and kinetic friction, and the acceleration down the slope. Get an instant "will it slide?" verdict based on the angle of repose, a to-scale free-body diagram with real force vectors, an animated sliding block, and a full step-by-step breakdown. Supports metric and imperial mass units and gravity on Earth, the Moon, Mars, Jupiter, or a custom value.

Kepler's Third Law Calculator - Calculate the orbital period of any planet, moon, satellite, or star using Kepler's Third Law (Newton's form): T = 2π√(a³ / GM). Enter the semi-major axis and the central body's mass in astronomer-friendly units (AU, km, solar masses, Earth masses) or SI units, and instantly get the period in seconds, minutes, hours, days, and years, the mean orbital velocity, an animated orbit diagram, a log-scale comparison against real solar-system orbits, and a full step-by-step formula walkthrough.

Kinematics Calculator - Solve one-dimensional kinematics problems using the four kinematic equations. Enter any 3 known variables to find the 2 unknowns with detailed step-by-step solutions.

Kinetic Energy Calculator - Calculate kinetic energy using KE = ½mv². Enter any two values to solve for the third. Supports multiple units with step-by-step solutions and real-world energy comparisons. New

Lens Equation Calculator - Solve the thin-lens equation 1/f = 1/u + 1/v to find focal length, object distance, image distance, magnification, and image height. Identify whether the image is real or virtual, upright or inverted, magnified or reduced. Live ray-diagram preview, converging and diverging lenses, and unit support for mm, cm, and m. New

Magnetic Field of Wire Calculator - Compute the magnetic field B around a current-carrying conductor using the Biot–Savart law and Ampère's law. Three geometries in one tool: an infinite straight wire, a circular current loop (on-axis), and a finite or ideal solenoid with optional ferromagnetic core. Solve for B, current I, distance r, loop radius R, axial position z, turns N, or solenoid length L, with a live SVG that draws the encircling field lines, the right-hand-rule direction, and the inside-vs-outside field strength side-by-side with real-world references (Earth, fridge magnet, MRI, neutron star). New

Mechanical Advantage Calculator - Calculate the mechanical advantage (MA) of a lever, pulley system, inclined plane (ramp), or gear train. Get the ideal and actual (efficiency-adjusted) mechanical advantage, the effort force needed to move a load, the distance/speed trade-off, and an animated diagram of each simple machine with a full step-by-step breakdown.

Moment of Inertia Calculator - Compute the moment of inertia for 15 common shapes — both the area moment of inertia used in beam bending (rectangle, circle, hollow tube, I-beam, triangle, semicircle, hollow box) and the mass moment of inertia used in rotational dynamics (thin rod, solid and hollow cylinder, solid and hollow sphere, rectangular plate). Switch units freely (mm⁴, cm⁴, m⁴, in⁴, ft⁴ for area; g·cm², kg·m², lb·ft², lb·in² for mass), add a parallel-axis offset, and read the centroid, cross-section area, polar moment, section modulus, radius of gyration, and a step-by-step LaTeX derivation alongside a live SVG diagram of the chosen cross-section. New

Momentum Calculator - Calculate linear momentum (p=mv), analyze elastic and inelastic collisions with conservation of momentum, and compute impulse. Step-by-step solutions with collision animation. New

Pendulum Period Calculator - Calculate the period T of a simple pendulum from its length and gravity using T = 2pi * sqrt(L/g). Solve for period, length, frequency, or gravity; pick a planet's gravity in one click; compare the small-angle approximation with the exact elliptic-integral formula; and watch a live SVG pendulum swing at the computed period. New

Photon Energy Calculator - Calculate photon energy from a wavelength or frequency using E = hf = hc/λ. Get the energy in joules and electronvolts, the matching frequency and wavelength, and the energy per mole of photons. See exactly where your photon sits on the electromagnetic spectrum, its true visible color, and a full step-by-step breakdown. Supports nm, µm, GHz, THz, eV and more.

Potential Energy Calculator - Calculate gravitational potential energy (PE = mgh) or elastic potential energy (PE = ½kx²). Supports multiple planets, unit conversions, and detailed step-by-step solutions. New

Pressure Calculator - Calculate pressure from force and area using P=F/A. Supports multiple unit systems (Pa, kPa, bar, atm, psi, mmHg) with step-by-step solutions, unit conversions, and real-world pressure comparisons. New

Projectile Motion Calculator - Calculate projectile range, maximum height, time of flight, and full trajectory from launch angle and initial velocity. Supports custom gravity, initial height, and animated trajectory visualization. New

Pulley System Calculator - Calculate the mechanical advantage, required effort (pull) force, and rope pull distance of a pulley system from the number of supporting rope segments. Includes an animated block-and-tackle diagram, a real-world friction model, and a step-by-step breakdown showing how you trade force for distance. Supports kg, lb, and newton loads with metric or imperial distances. New

Reynolds Number Calculator - Calculate the Reynolds number from fluid velocity, characteristic length, density, and viscosity to instantly find out whether a flow is laminar, transitional, or turbulent. Choose pipe, flat-plate, or open-channel flow with the correct critical thresholds, pick a built-in fluid (water, air, oil, blood, honey and more), mix imperial and metric units, and watch an animated flow visualization with a step-by-step formula breakdown. New

Snell's Law Calculator - Apply Snell's Law to compute the angle of refraction, the refractive index, the critical angle for total internal reflection, and Brewster's polarization angle. Pick from a built-in material library (water, glass, diamond, fiber optic and more), or enter custom indices, then watch the incident, refracted, and reflected rays animate on an interactive light-ray diagram. New

Specific Heat Capacity Calculator - Calculate the heat energy (Q) needed to change a substance's temperature using the specific heat formula Q = m × c × ΔT. Solve for heat, mass, specific heat capacity, or final temperature, pick from a built-in library of common substances (water, aluminum, copper, ice and more), and watch an animated thermometer show the temperature change. Supports grams/kg/lb/oz, °C/°F/K, and J/kJ/cal/kcal/Wh/BTU with a step-by-step solution. New

Speed of Sound Calculator - Calculate the speed of sound in air from temperature (with an optional humidity correction), or look it up in dozens of other media such as water, steel, helium and diamond. Get the result in m/s, km/h, mph, ft/s and knots, see the Mach 1 sound-barrier speed, travel-time and lightning-to-thunder distance readouts, an animated sound ripple, a temperature-response curve, and a full step-by-step breakdown. Supports Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin.

Spring Constant Calculator - Calculate the spring constant k, the restoring force F, the displacement x, or the stored elastic energy U using Hooke's law F = k·x. Supports SI, metric, and imperial units, springs in series or parallel, a live coil animation, oscillation period and natural frequency for a given mass, and a real-world stiffness comparison table. New

Stopping Distance Calculator - Calculate a vehicle's total stopping distance from its speed, including both the reaction distance and the braking distance, and see how dry, wet, snow, or icy roads change the result. Features an animated braking visualization, a side-by-side comparison of all four road conditions, driver-reaction presets, and a step-by-step physics breakdown. Supports km/h and mph. New

Terminal Velocity Calculator - Calculate the terminal velocity of a falling object from its mass, drag coefficient and cross-sectional area using v = sqrt(2mg / (rho * A * Cd)). Pick a skydiver, raindrop, cat, bowling ball, feather and more, or enter your own object in kg/g/lb and m2/cm2/ft2. Choose the medium (air, water or honey), see the result in m/s, km/h and mph, watch an animated fall, and read a full step-by-step breakdown. Unique fall-dynamics view shows how long and how far the object must fall to actually reach terminal velocity, with an animated tanh approach curve.

Thermal Expansion Calculator - Calculate the change in length, area, or volume of a material caused by a change in temperature. Pick a material (or enter your own coefficient of thermal expansion), set the start and end temperature, and instantly see the expansion or contraction, the final size, the strain, and an animated diagram of the material growing or shrinking. Supports metric and imperial units with a full step-by-step formula breakdown. New

Time Dilation Calculator - Calculate relativistic time dilation, the Lorentz factor (gamma), and length contraction at any velocity. Enter a speed as a fraction of light, km/s, or mph and see how much slower a moving clock ticks, how much a moving object shortens, and how far apart a space traveler and Earth would age. Includes an interactive clock-rate curve, real-world speed presets, and a step-by-step breakdown.

Torque Calculator - Calculate torque from force and lever arm distance using τ = F × r × sin(θ). Solve for any unknown variable with detailed step-by-step solutions, unit conversions, and real-world torque comparisons. New

Velocity Calculator - Calculate velocity from distance and time. Supports average velocity, relative velocity, angular to linear conversion, and instant unit conversions between m/s, km/h, mph, ft/s, and knots. New

Wave Speed Calculator - Use the wave equation v = f×λ to solve for wave speed, frequency, or wavelength. Enter any two values with flexible units (Hz to THz, nm to km, m/s to km/h) and get the third instantly, plus period, angular frequency, and wavenumber. See a live animated traveling wave, automatic electromagnetic-spectrum band detection with visible-light colour, ready-made presets for sound, light, radio, and ocean waves, and a full step-by-step breakdown.

Work and Power Calculator - Calculate work done by a force (W = Fd cosθ) and mechanical power (P = W/t). Supports multiple units, angle input, and provides step-by-step solutions with energy comparisons. New